Long spared the effects of global geopolitical tensions, the polar space has, in recent decades, become the theater of extensive cooperation and close dialogue between Russia and the Western Arctic states. However, Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 shattered this trust, which had been built on scientific, economic, and cultural exchange and on a consensus-based approach to common challenges, such as those concerning the environment, through regional institutional mechanisms. 

Although regional forums for dialogue have continued to function, no new diplomatic or strategic initiatives were commenced between 2014 and 2022. Indeed, a growing number of military exercises have caused a new antagonism to set in, evoking the Cold War. The war in Ukraine has heightened this trend, which has since been confirmed by Finland and Sweden joining NATO. Having been diplomatically isolated at the regional level, Russia has been stepping up its initiatives to form alternative partnerships, with a plan to develop the north of its territory, including the Northeast Passage, also known as the Northern Sea Route (NSR). 

As one of the Kremlin’s geopolitical priorities since the start of the twenty-first century, the Russian Arctic is now feeling the effects of this new geostrategic configuration, including a slowdown in industrial and economic projects—under Western sanctions—and a radical change in the region’s Russian population, conditioned by the war in Ukraine and by animosity toward the West. This long-term shift has structurally distanced the Russian Arctic from the rest of the polar region, drawing it somewhat closer to Asia. Furthermore, this fracture in the region has fueled global geopolitical changes marked by the rivalry between China and the United States in the Indo-Pacific space.

Florian Vidal is an associate research fellow at Ifri’s Russia/Eurasia Center. He holds a PhD in political science and is a researcher at UiT, The Arctic University of Norway. He specializes in the resources-energy-technology nexus in the context of the Anthropocene, especially in relation to issues concerning mining in remote areas (such as the polar regions, seabeds, and outer space). 

In addition, he is an associate research fellow with the Laboratoire interdisciplinaire des énergies de demain (LIED) (Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute) at the CNRS, based at Paris Cité University, and a member of the ANR Strategic Metals research project coordinated by the Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières (BRGM) (Bureau of Geological and Mining Research). He also teaches at the Saint-Cyr Military Academy. Florian Vidal has extensive field experience in Northern Europe, Russia, and Latin America.