The general message is that no clear-cut trend can be identified. While it cannot be said that the regulatory environment is increasingly rigid, there has not lately been any clear loosening of restrictiveness either.

The recently promulgated changes to the catalogue on foreign investment guidance point to further opening, in particular with fewer restricted categories. However, this positive change is counterbalanced by the persistence of ownership restrictions in particular. Similarly, although the Chinese government has backtracked on its decision to connect indigenous innovation policy and government procurement, the Chinese public procurement market is still heavily restricted for foreign investors. Lastly, the implementation of the merger review under the anti-monopoly law suggests that foreign firms are to some extent being discriminated against even if the recently enacted NSR procedure should not bring major changes to the existing regulatory setting.

More generally, with an important level of discretion left in the hands of Chinese authorities at all levels of responsibility, the business environment remains complex for foreign investors. A major problem in the Chinese case relates to the lack of transparency and of stability in the regulatory environment. The vagueness of some provisions (economic security is a case in point) and the lack of precision in the responsibilities assumed by various levels of government (be they central or provincial, as in the case of the indigenous innovation catalogues) generate an opaque and uncertain business environment. Retroactive application of some regulations is also not uncommon, further increasing the lack of predictability in the regulatory environment.

The challenge for China's partners is to find the best way, beyond regulatory reforms, to level the playing field for their firms operating in China. This paper calls for opening negotiations on a bilateral investment treaty between China and the EU. The treaty needs to be ambitious and comprehensive, covering both pre and post-establishment issues (market access as well as investment protection in particular). One major advantage of a BIT negotiation is that it would be based on a global approach to FDI-related issues, thus allowing trade-offs between various objectives.