<p class="rtejustify">The porosity of borders has become a key characteristic of contemporary international relations. While this has long been recognized for trade and information networks, it also has an impact on the field of defense and security.</p>

<p class="rtejustify">The impossibility of clearly separating internal from external threats is not a new phenomenon, as demonstrated by the many attacks of international origin that hit the Paris area during the 1970s and 1980s.</p>

<p class="rtejustify">Although the concept of a defense and security continuum has reached a consensus since the publication of the 2008 Defense White Paper in France, there is still a need to anticipate future internal-external interactions and understand their implications for the French population’s collective security.</p>

<p class="rtejustify"><span style="color:rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px">Established within&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.ifri.org/en/recherche/thematiques-transversales/securite-de…; style="box-sizing: border-box; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; color: rgb(0, 106, 154); text-decoration-line: none; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><strong>Ifri’s Security Studies Center</strong></a><span style="color:rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px">,&nbsp;</span>the objective of the <strong>Homeland Security program </strong>is to study more specifically:</p>

<ul>
<li class="rtejustify"><strong>The process of radicalization</strong> (the role of social networks as tools of ideological radicalization and informal mobilization, the emergence of new forms of violent opposition, the repercussions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in France)</li>
<li class="rtejustify"><strong>Terrorism</strong> (the evolution of the international jihadist movement, the potential physical and cyber threats on critical infrastructure, the improvement of prevention and repression procedures)</li>
<li class="rtejustify"><strong>Technological and sanitary risks</strong> (early warning procedures, pandemics)</li>
</ul>