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The Roots of a Quarter-Century of Violence Lie to the East of Congo (Kinshasa)

Politique étrangère Articles from Politique Etrangère
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Politique étrangère, Vol. 87, No. 4, Winter 2022
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Almost thirty years after the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda, the entire region remains unstable. After Paul Kagame came to power, 1.5 million Hutus fled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. For the Rwandan president, they represented an unacceptable threat. There then followed the First and Second Congo Wars, the consequences of which are still apparent. The recent attacks perpetrated by  the M23 rebels are a new episode in this tragic story.

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Visuel article Braeckman PE4-2022
Corps analyses

Colette Braeckman, a Belgian journalist, was a senior reporter at Le Soir. A specialist in Africa, she has published several works on Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Article published in French only in Politique étrangère, Vol. 87, No. 4, Winter 2022.

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A New Path for Europe

Date de publication
02 June 2026
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The construction of the European Union is historically inseparable from the emergence, at the end of World War II, of an Atlantic world dominated by the United States. Successive enlargements and the revision of U.S. policy are undermining the concepts upon which the European Union has been built since the fall of the USSR. It is undoubtedly time to return to a path of more diverse groupings, corresponding to the levels of commitment and the interests of the states of the Old Continent.

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How Technology Is Reshaping the World Order

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02 June 2026
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The central role of technology in the competition between the major powers is fueling an ever-more intense rivalry. Artificial intelligence is enabling large corporations to accrue unprecedented power, with consequences for states and even for international conflict. However, states do have tools at their disposal to regulate these developments. In this international competition, Europe has a strong hand, but must be prepared to play its cards in order to create a new kind of international cooperation.

Anu BRADFORD
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Reflections on A Darkening World

Date de publication
02 June 2026
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The system that emerged after the Second World War to regulate international relations is now moribund. Russia and China may have weakened it, but it seems that Donald Trump’s United States may deliver the fatal blow. The prevailing atmosphere is one of power struggles, and the rise of nationalisms is fraught with danger. The artificial intelligence revolution also needs to be factored into this equation, as it has a strong bearing on how much power different players can exert. In this respect, Europe must ensure it does not get left behind.

Jean-Marie GUÉHENNO
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Couverture de PE2-2026

1936-2026: 90th Anniversary of the Journal "Politique étrangère"

Date de publication
02 June 2026
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Founded in 1936 and published by the French Institute of International Relations (Ifri), Politique étrangère, France’s longest-running journal of international relations, is set to publish a special issue in early June 2026. Bringing together distinguished French and international contributors, this issue aims to provide an overview of an uncertain world and its possible futures. In an unprecedented undertaking, Politique étrangère brings together a wide range of international contributions in an effort to grasp a global landscape that is at once open and fragmented, in all its diversity and dynamism. Through in-depth analyses of cross-cutting challenges, reflections on methods and structures of governance, and projections into futures feared or envisioned by creators from around the world—ranging from alternative histories to speculative thought experiments—the various approaches complement and challenge one another, opening up broad avenues for reflection.

How can this study be cited?

Colette BRAECKMAN, « The Roots of a Quarter-Century of Violence Lie to the East of Congo (Kinshasa) », Politique étrangère, Articles from Politique Etrangère, Ifri, 7 December 2022.
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