Their perpetrators, like their victims, may be states, or they may be private individuals. Cyberconflict is a particularly difficult phenomenon to grasp, given the large number of parties involved, the difficulty of accurately identifying the sources of attacks, and the emergence of new forms of information warfare. Attempts to apply international rules to cyberspace have shown only limited results.

Julien Nocetti is Research Fellow at Russia/NIS Center of Ifri.

Article published in Politique étrangère, Vol. 83, No. 2, Summer 2018