A new European security architecture has to be built. The question is: will this happen with or without Europe? The US President, Donald Trump, who returned to the White House a little more than two months ago, and the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, have initiated talks to put an end to the war in Ukraine, with the possibility of Ukraine ceding territory to Russia being raised.

How far are the US going to take into account Ukraine’s interests in potential future peace talks? What does the Trump 2 administration mean for the global rules-based world order? To what extent will the US claim to be a regulatory power and uphold multilateralism?

European security has been challenged in 2022 with the full-fledged invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation.

European foreign intelligence services have had to continuously adapt to the rapidly evolving security landscape of the past few years. Following challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic, financial crises, and hybrid threats, the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine has placed conventional military conflict at the centre of European security concerns.