Dix ans après la conception des lois Hartz, cette réforme emblématique du marché du travail en Allemagne, qui a suscité – et suscite encore – des débats passionnés, il est possible de...

It may appear that Russia is equally dissatisfied with both Western security’s presence in and its departure from Afghanistan planned for 2014, but whether the Western withdrawal is seen as more of a gain a loss depends on how Moscow itself...

Может показаться, что Россия в равной...

The wave of deep offshore and unconventional gas and oil exploration projects, rendered economically feasible by relatively high prices and new technologies, has reached the shores of the Mediterranean. Levantine countries, including Cyprus, Israel,...

Since the end of the Cold War, the international security environment has been transformed and nuclear weapons have been marginalized in the West. However, the NATO security policies remain almost unchanged: deterrence is still considered as a...

The black middle class in Johannesburg is a much debated but ill-defined phenomenon, treated more often by economic players than by social scientists. Far from static and clear, the concept of the middle class is for us relevant insofar as it...

Executive Summary For more than ten years harsh negotiations among different oil majors and pipeline consortia have been taking place about the Southern Gas Corridor, all of them seeking to transit 10 bcm/year of natural gas that will be...

La Tunisie a été, le 14 janvier 2011, le premier pays arabe à rejeter un pouvoir autocratique par un soulèvement pacifique mobilisé avec un slogan qui s’est révélé efficace : «...

Even though the private sector brings more funding to innovation programs, the role government plays by hosting and/or funding research projects remains key. Only the public sector can pursue the long term projects with no foreseeable profitability...

A la suite de la publication, en mars 2011, de son douzième plan quinquennal, le Conseil d’État de la Chine a récemment publié deux documents  portant sur la politique énergétique de la Chine au...

В прошлом десятилетии Россия поставила...

The future candidates for the 2016 Republican presidential primary will be expected to develop a clear foreign policy agenda and prove the GOP’s credibility on foreign affairs issue. While unilateralists and internationalists currently argue...

In the past decade Russia set a strategic goal: to develop the Eastern vector of its energy policy and strengthen oil and gas cooperation with the Asia-Pacific countries. While dialogue on gas with China was stalled, Rosneft, the country's...

The context of budgetary constraint offered a strong incentive for the 2010 Coalition Government to improve its management of defence equipment. Before that, the previous Labour governments already focused on smart acquisition so that the...

India is one of Southeast Asia’s principal neighbors and there is certainly great potential for cooperation with the region and its institutional representation, ASEAN. But does India properly exploit this opportunity? Is Southeast Asia...

Discussions of a potential “Brexit”, the United Kingdom leaving the European Union, have sparked debate in Britain, and also across Europe, intensified by the UK veto of the “fiscal compact” at the European Council in...

The European Commission has just made public a green paper devoted to its energy and climate policies until 2030. Presented as a document for discussion the paper is however written in such a way that it may lead to debates avoiding fundamental...

Le Comité d’études des relations franco-allemandes (Cerfa) de l’Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) et la Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik (DGAP) ont lancé le Dialogue...

Deepening energy ties between Turkey and Russia prompt questions as to the balance of power between the two countries, with the former relying heavily on the latter for its energy needs. In light of Europe's diversification efforts and of tensions...

Активное развитие российско-турецкого...

The European Refining sector is in crisis. The wave of refineries closures has spared no EU Member States. In less than five years, eleven refineries were simply shut down and no less than seventeen changed ownership in the UK, in France, in...

Le « printemps arabe » a agité la rive sud de la Méditerranée. Ces bouleversements ont mis à l’épreuve les alliances existantes et créé de nouveaux partenariats. Aussi bien la France...

This paper analyzes the rise of maritime China and its implications for Japan’s security policy. In recent years, Chinese naval capabilities have been growing. Beijing aims to expand its maritime presence in the region, but also to limit the...

While French military expenditures have remained relatively constant over the last ten years, equipment production tended to decrease, resulting in capability gaps. This situation highlights the increasing costs of both acquiring and maintaining...

Les coûts de production de l’électricité en Afrique subsaharienne1  sont parmi les plus élevés au monde alors que le taux d’électrification y est le plus faible au monde : environ 30% en...

Sur une initiative du IP-Journal, la Société allemande de politique étrangères (DGAP), le Comité d'études des relations franco-allemandes (Cerfa) de l'Institut français des relations internationales...

During the last decade, Japan has sought partnership with many Asian nations – the drive remaining strong regardless of ruling parties. Newly elected Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan is to continue this trend...

A l’heure où s’engage le débat sur la transition énergétique, presque toutes les professions de foi commencent par une confusion en associant deux phénomènes distincts dans leurs causes et...

Ce travail s'intéresse aux relations entre l'Inde et le Maghreb, défini comme comprenant l'Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie, ainsi que la Libye et l'Egypte. L'objectif est, dans un premier temps, de comprendre comment...

Over the past four years, international coal trade has been reshaped by China’s surging imports.  China, which was still a net exporter in 2008, became the world’s first coal importer in 2011, taking over the position that Japan...

The « Swedish Model » of labor immigration management came to a turning point with the 2008 reform. This major reform consisted in a deregulation of the labor market, which until then had only opened a limited number of...

Ces deux dernières années ont été marquées par les mouvements de protestation dans le monde arabe. Ces mouvements ont été suivis avec la plus grande attention par les autorités chinoises,...

Les grèves de la faim menées durant l'automne 2012 par des centaines de militants kurdes ont polarisé à outrance les positions en Turquie autour de la question kurde. Mais elles ont aussi réussi à imposer...

In the midst of growing tensions with China, Japan is deepening its strategic engagement in Southeast Asia. Preserving stability in the South China Sea, which is threatened by renewed frictions around contested territories, is a vital interest...

Avant de tenter d’éclairer cette question, il convient de s’entendre sur les concepts. Celui de puissance, qui s’applique à toute unité active et en particulier à toute unité politique1, est...

In the long standoff regarding its nuclear ambition, Iran has cultivated ambiguity and been loath to reliably assure the international community of its ultimate intentions, complicating Western efforts to understand, let alone constrain,...

L’étude de la question de l’intégration est encore relativement nouvelle en Allemagne, qui n’a pris conscience que très récemment de son statut de pays d’immigration. Or une telle reconnaissance...

Ely Ratner, Fellow, Center for a New American Security, analyses the origin and key elements of the US Pivot to Asia and defines its new steps. Annual Conference, December 7th, 2012. Watch the video

Florence Pisani, economist, Dexia Asset Management, provides us with a most comprehensive analysis about whether or not the US current signs of macroeconomic improvement are to be trusted. Annual Conference on the United States, December 7th,...

Anatol Lieven, Professor War Studies Department, King's College explains to us the main characteristics of American nationalism and where it currently stands. Annual Conference on the United-States December 7th, 2012. Watch video

The contest for control of Russia’s oil industry has been an integral feature of the country’s politics ever since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Therefore, an assessment of political elite dynamics and the competition for control...

Борьба за активы нефтяной...

In an effort to preserve its global leadership, the United States has engaged in a “double rebalancing”; a geopolitical rebalancing, as illustrated by the “pivot to Asia,” and a rebalancing of means, with the Obama...

The 2011 insurgency in Libya brought about the demise of Supreme Leader Mouammar Qadhafi. A NATO-led coalition operated to meet a unique United Nations mandate including an arms embargo, no-fly zone, and the requirement to protect the population...

The French Institute for International Relations (IFRI) and The German Marshall Fund of the United States – France (GMF)have partnered to launch a joint research program on the transformations of U.S. leadership by the year 2020. This project,...

L’article analyse les impacts envisageables de l’adhésion de la Russie à l’OMC pour son secteur agricole. Il met en évidence que les exploitations agricoles seront différemment touchées par ce...

Au moment où la France et l’Allemagne célèbrent les 50 ans du traité de l’Élysée, Alfred Grosser revient sur l’histoire de cette coopération bilatérale. Ce grand...

The futuristic green city of Masdar in the United Arab Emirates or the latest announcements of Saudi Arabia which might now well become the new Eldorado for solar energy companies have a clear marketing varnish. But if they are showcases of...

Consistent attempts by the US and NATO to cooperate on ballistic missile defenses have long divided Russia and the West. The failed talks on this issue have built a foundation of frustration that has reinforced the general lack of trust among the...

Вопрос противоракетной обороны (ПРО) уже...

Alors que le 50e anniversaire du traité de l’Élysée va être célébré en janvier 2013, la coopération franco-allemande en matière de défense ne vit pas ses heures les plus...

« Le silence au nord du Niger précède sans doute la tempête ». Cette inquiétude confiée par un humanitaire touareg basé à Agadez avant l’opération Serval est...

Although defense spending is the fourth budget item in France, it is rarely a matter of public debate. During the past three decades, defense has been affected in turn by the desire to rip the benefit of the post-Cold War “peace...

As the fastest growing region in the world, East Asia is an important partner for the European Union, particularly at a time of economic difficulty. Asian countries have weathered the recent financial and economic crisis much better than Europe and...

(This Chronique was originally published by Ifri’s Center on Energy) A funny thing happened in the last few years when no one was paying attention. J.R. Ewing, the legendary Texas oilman, and his wife Sue Ellen sold Southfork, their ranch...

Kuwait is facing a surge in the consumption of power. The current power fuel mix, based on oil, appears unsustainable. Yet Kuwait has a large number of assets. The power fuel mix can be optimized and diversified to include alternatives to oil...

Europe has set ambitious but drastic targets in order to fight climate change. The 20-20-20 objectives demonstrate this. By 2020, emissions are to be reduced by 20%, the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in energy consumption is targeted...

De 1945 à 1973, durant les « trente glorieuses », la France connait la période de croissance économique la plus forte de son histoire. Dans le même temps, la dépendance à l’égard du...

In December 2003, Japan decided to be the second country in the Asia-Pacific to deploy a ballistic missile defense (BMD) system. Started in the 1980s as a defense industry cooperation initiative, BMD efforts have been highly prioritized since the...

John Zogby, Senior Analyst, JZ Analytics, examines the social and political evolutions of U.S. public opinion as shown by the November vote. Annual Conference on the United-States, December 7th, 2012. Watch the video  

This analysis examines the current ambiguities, priorities and approaches of Chinese foreign policy from a practitioner’s perspective, taking into account experiences of Beijing-based diplomats (interviews conducted in 2011 and 2012), in...

Jeffrey Rosen, Law Professor, George Washington University, engages in a comprehensive analysis of the Supreme Court's role in the years to come and shares his assumptions as to its upcoming decision.   Annual Conference on...

Alors que s'est ouvert le débat sur la transition énergétique en France, quels enseignements peut-on tirer de la sortie du nucléaire en Allemagne, compte tenu des relations énergétiques au sein de l'Union...

Par sa géographie, par sa culture, par son histoire, la Serbie se situe incontestablement en Europe. Mais elle ne semble se rapprocher de l’Union européenne (UE) qu’à reculons. Comment expliquer cette retenue ? Cette...

Depuis une dizaine d’années, le web tend à devenir de plus en plus « social » : les nouvelles plateformes créées au cours de cette période (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flickr, Tumblr, etc.)...

Historical leader of the fight against climate change, the European Union’s influence declined in Copenhagen. This opened the way to the so-called BASIC countries to show their willingness to become a driving force in the international climate...

Kazakhstan’s economic integration with Russia and Belarus has been advancing at break-neck speed. In October 2007, these countries signed a treaty on the creation of the Customs Union (CU), in July 2010 the unified Customs Code went into...

Economic globalization has developed in favor of an increase of maritime flows, thus offering a revival to the millennium history of piracy. Present on all the seas around the world – particularly in the Gulf of Guinea, the Horn of Africa and...

Le veto britannique lors du Conseil européen de décembre 2011 a une nouvelle fois souligné les divergences entre l’Allemagne et le Royaume-Uni. Qu’il s’agisse de la politique économique ou de la...

Based on interviews with diplomats from a representative cross-section of nine member states and members of the EEAS itself, the research findings of this EPIN Working Paper confirm long-standing traditions and member state perceptions of...

Les différentes mutations que le secteur électrique britannique a subies depuis sa libéralisation ont placé la Grande Bretagne comme l’éclaireur des réformes. Afin de comprendre les enjeux de la...

  Le président ghanéen par intérim John Dramani Mahama[1] est devenu le 9 décembre le successeur de John Atta-Mills[2], décédé en juillet dernier. Or Mahama, qui passe pour un...

Malaysia has shifted its focus from multilateral and regional to bilateral trade agreements due to the current doldrums in the Doha Round and the bandwagon effect from similar shifts in other countries. Despite the importance of trade to the...

Concerns over becoming marginalized in the course of East Asian economic integration are driving a proactive regional trade agreement (RTA) strategy on the part of Taiwan. Three factors explain this concern: Competing visions of economic integration...

Until the 1990s, economic ties between the European Union and Japan were marked largely by an atmosphere of trade tension. The main reason was the persistent trade surplus that Japan maintained. Over time, however, the improvement of the bilateral...

Autrefois, hors de portée des radars des sociétés pétrolières, l'Afrique de l'Est est devenue en l'espace de cinq ans l'une des zones du continent où les investissements sont les plus soutenus. Deux raisons...

Japanese firms are increasingly involved in various global business operations – not only in traditional international trade in goods, but also in offshore production and the new mode of globalization: offshore outsourcing.While it had been...

The reconfiguration of the regional system of international relations as a result of the Arab revolutions has engendered fresh challenges for Russia, related, amongst other things, to deteriorating relations with the USA and other Western powers....

The Arab Gulf is the third largest receiving region for global migrants (after North America and the European Union). The six states of the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) are the richest Arab economies, boast some of the highest GDP per capita...

Deepening their partnership, Ifri and the Canon Institute for Global Studies (CIGS) are launching a series of op-eds, written both by Ifri and CIGS experts. This new series aims at providing the European and Asian public with original and different...

Traditionally, maneuver units are designed for mobility and control of the ground, while supporting forces (artillery, aviation) deliver fires to protect the former and ensure their freedom of action. As a result of the introduction of mobile...

La position russe, mal comprise en Occident, devant le « printemps arabe » et les crises qui secouent le Moyen-Orient, doit être replacée dans le cadre des lignes de force qui sous-tendent la politique...

Interview parue dans La Voix du Nord, le 31 octobre 2012 Au moment où la planification d’une intervention au Mali s’ébauche patiemment, Alain Antil, responsable du programme Afrique subsaharienne à l’IFRI...

The relationship between Germany and Russia, according to official portrayals in Berlin, is one of ‘strategic partnership’ supplemented by ‘modernisation partnership’. rn The closeness and at times demonstrative cordiality...

Le 3 octobre 2012, des tirs d’obus syriens font 5 morts dans le village turc d'Akçakale, situé à la frontière avec la Turquie. Ankara, très engagé dans le soutien aux insurgés syriens,...

Russia is now a member of World Trade Organization (WTO) and of the Eurasian Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Questions remain over how this new global and regional integration will affect the competitive environment of the...

Данная работа посвящена проблеме...

Analyses et commentaires parus sur arte.tv :  Dans la nuit du 22 au 23 octobre, le président américain sortant Barack Obama et son rival, le républicain Mitt Romney, se sont retrouvés pour leur troisième...

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 32 years of dictatorship and almost ten years of war have bled the country dry and left its administration incapable of providing the population with basic services and the government incapable of...

Les embouteillages se sont développés rapidement dans les villes africaines et deviennent un problème majeur. Ainsi, en limitant la mobilité des biens et des personnes, ils ralentissent la croissance économique....

Executive Summary The European coal industry is at a crossroads. The European Commission (EC) Energy Policy by 2020, the 20/20/20 targets, is not favourable to coal: a 20% decrease in CO2 emissions does not favour coal compared with natural...

Last week Centrica announced having signed a three-year gas supply contract with Gazprom Marketing and Trading UK entirely priced against UK spot gas market (NBP). This move follows other announcements in the sector, such as EON long-term gas supply...

Hardly a week goes by without an African investors’ conference or growth summit. Portuguese people are looking for jobs in Angola. Silicon Valley companies are arriving in Kenya to learn about Africa’s ICT revolution. The reason behind...

There is a rich history of far-right political parties in Europe. Long-standing parties such as the French Front National (FN), mostly marginalized since World War II, have enjoyed a resurgence since the 1980’s. Under the very recent...

Strong states often fail to deter vastly weaker competitors. This paper explores some reasons of this failure and identifies factors that can increase the prospects that deterrence will succeed in these situations. It argues that deterrence fails...

Renouvelée par un coup d’état militaire en septembre 1988, la junte birmane est promptement ostracisée par la communauté internationale au cours des années 1990. Seule la Chine maintient ses liens avec la...

As tensions persist between China and Japan in the East China Sea, it is interesting to note that one of the most symbolic actions of the previous crisis has yet to make an appearance this time around. The stoppage of rare earth shipments to Japan...

In a competitive energy system, generation investment choices are let to investors. It is then the responsibility of the market actors to invest and ensure peak, medium and base load generation, based on market perspectives and trends. If through...

Bruce Stokes (Director, Global Economic Attitudes, Pew Research Center) gives an in-depth analysis of the U.S. electorate on the eve of the 2012 presidential election. Click here to watch the video En partenariat avec l'Ambassade des Etats-Unis...

The Fall seminar of the United States Program at Ifri took place on October 3, the day of the first presidential TV debate. Director of  "Global Economic Attitudes" at the Pew Research Center, Bruce Stokes gives his analysis of the role these...

Nuclear fission was discovered in the late 1930s. The first application went towards military use, and gradually expanded to civil use such as power generation. Power generation gained importance in two stages: firstly, to shift away from oil in...

Pendant la période de transition, les entreprises russes se sont massivement désintéressées des coopérations avec les universités. Déçues par le système éducatif traditionnel, les...

 Le paysage politique allemand, longtemps stable, subit actuellement des modifications profondes. Les partis traditionnels ont de plus en plus de mal à attirer les électeurs et de nouveaux partis obtiennent désormais...

Since the 2000s, China and India's needs for hydrocarbons, coming on top of those of older industrialized Asian countries (Japan and South Korea), have considerably strengthened customer-supplier links between Asia in general and the Persian Gulf,...

Over the last ten years, Kuwait's power consumption has doubled. This rising need for electricity has been mainly driven by the fast population growth rate, the increasing need for desalinated water, accounting for 93% of water consumption, and...

Contexte Tout comme ses prédécesseurs, François Hollande n’a pas manqué à la promesse de « rompre » avec la « Françafrique »[1]. La modernisation de la...

 Dr Alia Brahimi is a Research Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science and a Senior Research Associate at the University of Oxford. She is the author of Jihad and Just War in the War on Terror (OUP, 2010).

First of all, shale oil is starting to take the same dimension as shale gas in the US. Already 51% of US production comes presently from unconventional gas (shale, tight gas and coal-bed methane), and outlooks predict that the US will produce...

Cet été, les frictions se sont multipliées autour des territoires disputés entre le Japon et ses voisins (îlots et zones économiques exclusives)[1]. Le maintien du statu quo, qui semblait prévaloir...

As a number of provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act are entering into force, five years after the beginnings of the financial crisis, Professor Herman Schwartz explains how the U.S. banking community will continue to hurt the interests of the American...

 Dr Laurence Nardon,senior resarch fellow and head of the United States Program at Ifri summarizes the key elements regarding the current American presidential elections right after the Party Conventions Click here to watch the video

 Anne lorraine Bujon, associate research fellow at Ifri, answers Laurence Nardon about Mormonism in the United States which seems to have entered a new chapter of its history with the presidential candidacy of Mitt Romney. Click here to...

A central piece of national security during two centuries and an essential link between the military and the people, the French reserve forces have considerably decreased over the last decades. Nevertheless, new economic constraints now urge for...

Historiquement, le Moyen-Orient n’a pas été une zone prioritaire pour la diplomatie brésilienne, bien que des rapprochements ponctuels se soient opérés2 dans les années 1970 et 1980. Avec...

After its rapid military victory over the Taliban, the international community underestimated the resources, time and work that would be required enforce to Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Afghanistan. Even though the Afghan population was...

This series of policy papers, published by Ifri and the Canon Institute for Global Studies, provides a Japanese perspective on the causes, the mechanisms and the consequences of the global economic crisis, as well as the measures implemented by the...

The interplay of the foreign, domestic and military dimensions of Russia’s Arctic policy is characterized by peculiar incompatibilities. The position of power secured by the military superiority and ambitious modernization of strategic forces...

Внешнее, внутреннее и военное измерения...

L’insécurité transfrontalière actuelle dans le bassin du lac Tchad s’inscrit dans l’histoire des dynamiques sociopolitiques et économiques de cette région commune au Cameroun, à la...

La France et l’Allemagne ont entamé un nouveau « dialogue stratégique », dont l’objectif est de définir une stratégie politico-militaire commune dans les domaines de la sécurité...

Mormonism has been making headlines ever since Mitt Romney declared his candidacy to the White House. This 19th century American-born religion puts forth a  set of values that is both original and strong. A better understanding of these values...

The political-strategic objectives of NATO's missile defense seem well-conceptualized by now when it comes to its overall posture, geographical location, and integration within the NATO architecture. The Russian issue remains open to speculation....

La lecture des 283 articles de la déclaration de « Rio + 20 » avec leur succession de « Nous approuvons… », « Nous soutenons… », « Nous recommandons… » suscite,...

Depuis 2010, la crise de la dette détermine largement la politique européenne de l’Allemagne. Compte tenu du rôle majeur de l’Allemagne en tant que principale garantie des mécanismes de sauvetage, et de...

En mai, la Banque mondiale publiait son Africa Development Indicators 2011. Cette publication est toujours attendue car le matériau statistique proposé, toujours précis et commenté, est précieux. A partir...

Created on the 10th July 1999 by Security Council Resolution 1244, UNMIK was responsible for restructuring the institutions of a country devastated by war and establishing democratic governance. The security of people and goods and the existence of...

Début mai, le Président Obama est devenu le premier président des États-Unis à déclarer publiquement son soutien au mariage homosexuel. Il est peu probable que cette déclaration soit suivie d’un...

Campaign funding in the U.S. follows a number of rules that are complex and often bypassed. These rules have been upset by recent judicial decisions, and the 2012 electoral campaign has seen the rise of unlimited donations. The impact on the...

  The Intouchables tells the story of a young Senegalese immigrant named Driss, who has been hired to be the caretaker of Philippe, a rich tetraplegic. The feel-good comedy has been a smashing success in France and across the world, grossing...

A la veille d'un sommet européen, de nouveau jugé crucial pour l'avenir de la zone euro et pour la survie du projet européen, quelques éléments d'analyse par les chercheurs de l'Ifri.Etudes, analyses,...

Italy is currently hit by an unprecedented economic, political and social crisis. This changing and uncertain environment affects more than ever the ability to define an energy strategy, which has never really benefitted from a clear vision and a...

La politique étrangère de l’Union européenne est en crise. L’Europe est en voie de démilitarisation et mise encore sur l’OTAN quand il s’agit de mener des opérations d’envergure. Pour...

While the actual price of carbon emissions in the EU market is at the extremely low level of €6 per tonne, it is crucial to track European emission trends and to compare them with the commitments of the EU-15 under the Kyoto Protocol and the...

Launcher policy will be one of the major issues discussed at the upcoming ESA Council at Ministerial Level. Europe is at the crossroads, as it needs to find the adequate balance between political necessities (ensuring an autonomous access to space)...

This series of policy papers, published by Ifri and the Canon Institute for Global Studies, provides a Japanese perspective on the causes, the mechanisms and the consequences of the global economic crisis, as well as the measures implemented by the...

The Russian Federation is shaping its religious diplomacy (i.e., in brief, the use of the religious factor in foreign policy) and exercises it with a growing efficiency. This is, to a certain degree, a consequence of processes taking place in...

Airborne operations draw their strategic importance from the scale and magnitude they provide to air-land operations. Yet, their concept of employment, shaped by their historical legacy may seem unfit to contemporary requirements – especially...

The November election campaign is in full swing in the United States, with the new rules authorizing unlimited private financing now in place. How exactly will this unfold? What impact could the this change in financing have on American...

This series of policy papers, published by Ifri and the Canon Institute for Global Studies, provides a Japanese perspective on the causes, the mechanisms and the consequences of the global economic crisis, as well as the measures implemented by the...

La Chine a connu pendant les trente dernières années une crois¬sance sans précédent qui lui a permis de se hisser en 2010 comme deuxième puissance économique mondiale, devant le Japon et derrière...

By the end of 2004, low migration flow regulation contributed to a high rate of irregularity and hampered adaptation of foreign labor supplies to the demands of the Spanish labor market, contributing therewith to an increase in irregular workers....

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the new opportunities for Taiwan’s ongoing economic development in the era following the signing of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) between Taiwan and China. The paper begins with an...

For China, coal is a crucial source of abundant, indigenous and affordable energy and is a pillar of economic and social stability. From a logic of energy security, and because the industry itself maintains a formidable political presence through...

Since the early twenty-first century, the international nonproliferation landscape has experienced a shift from relatively steady proliferation schemes to more complex and diverse challenges. New entities are gaining access to nuclear material and...

Les tracés de gazoducs offrent de magnifiques exemples de géopolitique élémentaire.        1) Lorsqu’un pays émetteur approvisionne un ou plusieurs pays récepteurs, les...

With its draft Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, the European Union became visible in the debate on space security. This paper analyses this development, drawing on theoretical concepts in the scholarly debate about the...

Although defense spending is the fourth budget item in France, it is rarely a matter of public debate. During the past three decades, defense has been affected in turn by the desire to rip the benefit of the post-Cold War “peace...

This paper brings together contributions from a cross-section of EU member states and the Gallup World Poll survey on the question of how Germany is being viewed at this time of economic and political crisis. Even if the findings suggest...

After serious decline in the 1990s, Ukraine’s economy finally started its recovery and systemic reform in early 2000. While the economy rapidly grew by 2008, its transformation remained unfinished. Ukraine has three possible roads to...

En république démocratique du Congo (RDC), 32 années de dictature et près de dix ans de guerre ont laissé un pays exsangue, avec une administration incapable de fournir les services élémentaires...

Saad Adoum est Senior Analyst au sein du Central Africa Project de International Crisis Group. Les récentes querelles pétrolières, du premier trimestre 2012, entre les autorités tchadiennes et la CNPCIC (China National...

La crise a fait avancer un débat sur la gouvernance économique ou sur le gouvernement économique qui ne décollait pas depuis l’adoption du traité de Maastricht. Toutefois, si des actions ont été...

A la suite de l'accident de Fukushima, l'Allemagne a pris trois décisions majeures pour son industrie électrique : l'arrêt immédiat de huit réacteurs nucléaires, la fermeture accélérée...

The European space industry seems to be in a paradoxical situation: its strategic importance is increasingly recognised, but a European cons­ensus on an integrated industrial policy for space is gaining ground only slowly.

The Energy Roadmap 2050 released by the Commission in December 2011 says it all: we will need more gas until 2030. Gas represents the default solution for a transition to an energy system with less GHG emissions. It also has great value as a back up...

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the threat of cruise missile proliferation is as equally challenging to NATO as the threat of ballistic missiles. Over the last two decades, the emergence of cruise missiles and UAVs as a threat has...

Deepening their partnership, Ifri and the Canon Institute for Global Studies (CIGS) are launching a series of op-eds, written both by Ifri and CIGS experts. This new series aims at providing the European and Asian public with original and different...

Le processus d’intégration régionale en Asie est donc aujourd’hui à la croisée des chemins, avec des changements à venir dans le mode de fonctionnement de la région et la « division du...

In the past 2 years, Greece has experienced its most severe economic crisis of the post World War II period. While it appeared at first not to have been hit particularly hard by the global economic recession that started in 2008, the effects of the...

The Democratic Party relies today on very different segments of the U.S. electorate, making it impossible for a Democratic President to sustain long-term public support. In the context of the current campaign, Prof. Nicol Rae provides an analysis of...

Three hundred million people belonging to the middle classes of Africa; three hundred million of potential consumers: an image of this kind is enough to make many an entrepreneur start dreaming. In fact, whereas for many years Afro-pessimism has...

En assumant, pour la première fois, la présidence semestrielle du Conseil de l’Union européenne (UE), en juillet 2011, la Pologne s’est trouvée face à de nombreux défis. Bien...

  On May 16 2010, a few weeks after its first elections, the government of the semi-autonomous province of South Sudan (GoSS) had to confront two rebellions in the Jonglei Province. South Sudan may appear unified behind the banner of the...

Les dirigeants européens, notamment allemands et français, se sont efforcés de résoudre la crise qui touche l’Europe depuis fin 2009. Des mesures importantes ont été prises par les institutions...

  « 300 millions de personnes appartenant aux classes moyennes africaines, autant de consommateurs potentiels » : l’image peut faire rêver plus d’un entrepreneur. De fait, alors que l’afro-pessimisme avait...

Dans la forêt des scénarios noirs ou roses qui hantent nos cauchemars ou nos rêves d’avenir, la publication récente du scénario 2040 d’Exxon-Mobil mérite quelque attention. Elle ne porte ni sur...

Ifri and the Canon Institute for Global Studies are launching a series of policy papers presenting the analyses of senior Japanese researchers on how the triple disasters that hit the archipelago last March have impacted Japan's economic,...

Deepening their partnership, Ifri and the Canon Institute for Global Studies (CIGS) are launching a series of op-eds, written both by Ifri and CIGS experts. This new series aims at providing the European and Asian public with original and different...

Dix ans après l’arrivée au pouvoir de l’AKP et après quelques timides avancées, les tensions sont réapparues entre le mouvement kurde et le gouvernement, faisant planer le risque d’un retour aux...

Created in the Fall of 2008, the J Street movement seeks to represent those in the U.S. Jewish community who would like Washington to be more active in supporting a lasting peace in the Middle-East.  According to Professor Gilbert Kahn, while J...

"Escalation", the tendency of belligerents to increase the force or breadth of their attacks to gain advantage or avoid defeat, is not a new phenomenon. Systematic thought about how to manage it, however, did not crystallize until the Cold War and...

Au-delà des enjeux politiques, la sortie du nucléaire décidée en 2011 par le gouvernement fédéral allemand a d’importantes conséquences sur l’économie et la politique...

Traditionally, maneuver units are designed for mobility and control of the ground, while supporting forces (artillery, aviation) deliver fires to protect the former and ensure their freedom of action. As a result of the introduction of mobile...

The Center for Asian Studies of the French Institute of International Relations (Ifri) organized on 9 December 2011 a round table discussion regarding the future of the ongoing reconciliation process in Sri Lanka, entitled ‘Post-War Sri Lanka:...

Le contexte international et l’entrée de la Russie dans un cycle électoral placent le Web russe sous tension. D’un côté, la vie politique russe est de plus en plus façonnée par les nouveaux...

The Green Growth Policy in South Korea has symbolized a paradigm shift to cope with climate change, fossil fuel depletion, and global economic recession. The emerging paradigm stands to create new engines for economic growth through green...

En ce début d’année 2012, nombreuses sont les questions qui se posent en ce qui concerne la politique européenne en matière d’énergie et de climat, mais pour les identifier, il faut, au...

Executive Summary« While we think oil will help, we don’t want to pin all our hopes on it. We believe this is the time for Ghana to take off. But we can only do that through fiscal prudence, by encouraging productive investment and by...

The recent cold spell that gripped much of Europe was a test for the European gas network. In many countries temperatures fell dramatically to -10°C during the first week of February, even dropping a bone chilling - 22°C in some places. ...

The recent cold spell that gripped much of Europe was a test for the European gas network. In many countries temperatures fell dramatically to -10°C during the first week of February, even dropping a bone chilling - 22°C in some places. As...

The question of the Chinese presence in Madagascar is very accurate. It is an opportunity for us to portray the sino-madagascan relations. We will recall the historicity of the relations existing between China and Madagascar. Then, we will focus on...

The physical presence of China in Latin America is entering a phase of significant expansion, as the logical consequence of the rapid growth over the past decade of its trade, investment, and infrastructure for doing business in the region. The...

In 2012, several crucial decisions lie ahead, most notably at the ESA Ministerial Council next fall and regarding the status of space within the next MFF of the EU. These will reveal the degree of political will to pursue an ambitious ESP in times...

  Europa findet in Frankreich längst keinen großen Anklang mehr. Da europapolitische Themen schon im Rahmen der Europawahlen keinen großen Zuspruch finden, ist davon bei nationalen Wahlen folglich normalerweise noch weniger...

Military helicopters have evolved into technologically sophisticated weapon systems. Originally designed to counter Soviet armor, attack helicopters now have to cope with a wide spectrum of threats, some of them bringing them back to their...

While public opinion and European governments usually present migrants as an outside threat for European societies, in this article, Danièle Joly and Khursheed Wadia focus on the local level to analyze the issue of migrants, in particular...

As Moscow and the WTO Member States have finally established terms on which Russia will accede to the organization, thoughts turn to the impact of this historic event and the potential for it to play a role in the modernization of the...

В декабре 2011 года Москва и...

Comment la Chine a-t-elle suivi et perçu la campagne présidentielle taiwanaise, qui a mené à la réélection le 14 janvier dernier du président sortant Ma Ying-jeou? Plus encore que lors du scrutin de...

  This article refers to Berlin's point of view regarding the European Union. First of all, it reminds the difficult context of the current debate on the EU in Germany. Press releases and citizens express their rage against the week Euro...

Si la concertation entre la France et l’Allemagne constitue une priorité en matière de politique étrangère, la politique africaine, en revanche, échappe largement à cette règle : dans ce...

The fears of a rise in economic nationalism in China have been fuelled by a number of recent moves, such as changes in the law on indigenous innovation or the enactment of a national security review (NSR) regulation for M&As by foreign...

Although outward direct investment (ODI) is still very much a developed country phenomenon (with industrial countries accounting for more than 75% of global flows), ODI from the “South” is gaining ground, with China ranking among the...

With over 500 million Internet users and 900 million mobile-phone subscribers by mid 2011, the Chinese Internet is an enormous market that has produced the spectacular rise of many Chinese Internet companies and attracted substantial foreign...

Texas is the birthplace of a very particular brand of conservatism, shaped by its early history and economic traits. It promotes individualism and limited governement, rigorous moral values, as well as sheer pragmatism on economic issues. Its impact...

For the third year in a row, the Paris-based French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), and the Secure World Foundation (SWF) joined together to organise their annual space conference. The event took place in Brussels on 13 September 2011,...

  Up to Europe’s threshold in the middle of Sahara and Sahel region, a growing insecurity led beyond mere reconsideration of field practice to a whole change of paradigm for multilateral and bilateral aid institutions. Since the end of...

Au fur et à mesure que les semaines passent, il devient possible de mieux cerner les principales incertitudes susceptibles d’affecter l’évolution du système énergétique allemand de 2012 à 2022. ...

Libya has an opportunity to get back on track. The end of embargoes and sanctions after the conclusion of the “February Revolution”  is favoring a fast production growth. For the IEA the oil production should recover and reach...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Europe’s energy policy is commonly defined by three axes of equal importance: security of supplies, competitiveness and sustainable development. The European Commission is mandated to develop the policy tools that allow the...

  Spätestens seit dem Zeitungsinterview von Nicolas Sarkozy in der konservativen Zeitung „Le Figaro“ und seiner Rede über die Werte der französischen Republik vom 19. Februar in Marseille zeichnet sich...

Cette monographie s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet de recherche « Zoom sur les universités russes », qui analyse une série d'établissements d'enseignement supérieur russe (EES). Elle est consacrée...

 A  funny thing happened in the last few years when no one was paying attention. J.R. Ewing, the legendary Texas oilman, and his wife Sue Ellen sold Southfork, their ranch near Dallas, and moved to a new home in Pennsylvania (Northfork?)....

The Look East policy (LEP), launched in the early 1990s, was intended to engage India more closely with the East Asian region, but it met with only limited success initially, for India was not seen to be a major contributor either to regional...

FELIN, the world's first "integrated soldier system", will enter service in the French Army this year. Throughout history, infantrymen have sought to capitalize on technology while seeking the best compromise between three basic requirements:...

Ifri's December conferences have become a staple event for Europeans eager to understand the evolutions underway in the United States. For our tenth edition, we discussed the main specificities of the U.S. judiciary system and their impact on...

The introduction of the Lisbon Treaty entailed the most fundamental changes to the rotating presidency to date. This contribution analyses the institutional framework under which the 2010 Belgian Presidency of the Council of Ministers operated. It...

Following its pragmatic emergence in the EU political landscape, the Presidency of the European Council was the most visible part of the rotating Presidency until the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. An in-depth analysis of this function shows...

Tobias Koepf est chercheur invité au sein du programme Afrique subsaharienne dans le cadre du programme TAPIR (Transatlantic Post-Doc Fellowship for International Relations and Security). Fin janvier 2012, le président ivoirien...

Executive Summary « While we think oil will help, we don’t want to pin all our hopes on it. We believe this is the time for Ghana to take off. But we can only do that through fiscal prudence, by encouraging productive investment and by...

L'interaction civilo-militaire fait partie de l'approche de « sécurité interconnectée » que l'Allemagne emploie en Afghanistan. Cette contribution analyse la signification conceptuelle de cette interaction, explique...

Le 28 novembre 2011, la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante (CENI) organisait les élections législatives et présidentielles en République démocratique. Quelques 18 000 candidats se...

An ambitious EO policy could bring significant benefits to Europe both regarding the fight against climate change and the competitiveness of its EO industry and service sectors.

Chapter published in Harsh PANT (ed.), Handbook of Nuclear Proliferation, Abingdon, Routledge, 2012, pp. 116-131.

Speakers : François FAURE, head of country-risk division at BNP-Paribas   Esen ÇAĞLAR, economist at the Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı -...

Created on the 10th July 1999 by Security Council Resolution 1244, UNMIK was responsible for restructuring the institutions of a country devastated by war and establishing democratic governance. The security of people and goods and the existence of...

The European Union is facing a tremendous challenge: coming out of the crisis unified. Every summit is both labeled the one of all hopes and the one of the last chance. Information keeps coming in, which hampers a good comprehension of the...

В статье анализируется влияние...

The article studies the effect of the Internet on Russian society in the 2000s, as well as the complex relations between the Internet, groups of digital activists and the manipulative state. The Internet creates new spaces for politicians and...

Productivity is increasingly important in the Japanese economy as an aging and shrinking population is expected to constrain labor input. Thus, the creation of innovation is critical for realizing economic growth and maintaining Japan's...

Europe is increasingly considering space as a useful tool to support Civil Protection (CP). Through a demand-driven approach, it intends to create new services tailored to the needs of the CP community.

Russia dreams of its own Harvard; or several, given the country’s size. But despite making all the right moves, Russia is unlikely to achieve its higher education goals.

Quatre mois après la victoire du parti Phuea Thai (« Pour la Thaïlande ») aux élections législatives, amenant au poste de premier ministre Yingluck Shinawatra, la sœur de Thaksin, ancien premier ministre...

  Affichant sa volonté d’assumer ses responsabilités dans les interventions internationales, mais s’abstenant lors du vote de la réso-lution du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies sur la Libye,...

Les politiques de l’énergie de l’Union Européenne et des Etats-membres n’ont pas pour but d’obtenir des prix de vertu.Elle n’ont comme finalités que :1)    Assurer aux...

Texte paru sur LeMonde.fr le 21 novembre 2011 S'il est légitime de s'interroger sur la part future de l'énergie nucléaire dans la production de l'électricité française, qu'implique l'horizon de temps...

  La présente étude a exploité les bases de données contenant les informations les plus précises, les plus constantes dans le temps et les plus homogènes entre États, celles de la Commission...

Executive Summary The Caspian region has been at the center of attention since Europe began seeking alternative routes to natural-gas resources. Turkmenistan has the potential to become an important gas exporter to Europe. As a landlocked country,...

Au fur et à mesure que les semaines passent, la situation créée pour la France par la sortie allemande du nucléaire se clarifie. Nous devons d’ores et déjà être conscients de trois...

One can’t help but be struck by the irony earlier this week of Russian President (ad-interim) Medvedev celebrating the landing of gas in Lubmin Germany from the Nordstream gas pipeline from Russia while Former President and...

Whether in times of war or in times of peace, uncertainty is an inherent characteristic of conflicts. It is in this unpredictable environment that armies operate, and so they must constantly adapt in order to remain effective political instruments....

Space activities can be justified by a broad array of reasons, ranging from trans-utilitarian components (such as curiosity, discovery, knowledge, fascination, inspiration) to more utilitarian aspects (markets, jobs, communications, mobility,...

Due to the wide number of space applications solving earthly problems in a broad range of issue-areas, space activities have a clear political dimension. In this article, the origins and causes of this increasing political relevance of space after...