Executive Summary With the approach of the 2014 deadline for the completion of a truly European liberalised energy market, there is growing concern on the adequacy of the market structure with the changed economic and geopolitical environment....

The wave of deep offshore and unconventional gas and oil exploration projects, rendered economically feasible by relatively high prices and new technologies, has reached the shores of the Mediterranean. Levantine countries, including Cyprus, Israel,...

Discussions of a potential “Brexit”, the United Kingdom leaving the European Union, have sparked debate in Britain, and also across Europe, intensified by the UK veto of the “fiscal compact” at the European Council in...

Les coûts de production de l’électricité en Afrique subsaharienne1  sont parmi les plus élevés au monde alors que le taux d’électrification y est le plus faible au monde : environ 30% en...

Ce travail s'intéresse aux relations entre l'Inde et le Maghreb, défini comme comprenant l'Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie, ainsi que la Libye et l'Egypte. L'objectif est, dans un premier temps, de comprendre comment...

Over the past four years, international coal trade has been reshaped by China’s surging imports.  China, which was still a net exporter in 2008, became the world’s first coal importer in 2011, taking over the position that Japan...

Ces deux dernières années ont été marquées par les mouvements de protestation dans le monde arabe. Ces mouvements ont été suivis avec la plus grande attention par les autorités chinoises,...

The futuristic green city of Masdar in the United Arab Emirates or the latest announcements of Saudi Arabia which might now well become the new Eldorado for solar energy companies have a clear marketing varnish. But if they are showcases of...

Kuwait is facing a surge in the consumption of power. The current power fuel mix, based on oil, appears unsustainable. Yet Kuwait has a large number of assets. The power fuel mix can be optimized and diversified to include alternatives to oil...

Europe has set ambitious but drastic targets in order to fight climate change. The 20-20-20 objectives demonstrate this. By 2020, emissions are to be reduced by 20%, the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in energy consumption is targeted...

La relation conflictuelle entre l’État et les sociétés locales n’a rien de nouveau. Ce qui est inédit, en revanche, c’est la prolifération contemporaine d’États cooptés au sein...

Par sa géographie, par sa culture, par son histoire, la Serbie se situe incontestablement en Europe. Mais elle ne semble se rapprocher de l’Union européenne (UE) qu’à reculons. Comment expliquer cette retenue ? Cette...

Les différentes mutations que le secteur électrique britannique a subies depuis sa libéralisation ont placé la Grande Bretagne comme l’éclaireur des réformes. Afin de comprendre les enjeux de la...

Autrefois, hors de portée des radars des sociétés pétrolières, l'Afrique de l'Est est devenue en l'espace de cinq ans l'une des zones du continent où les investissements sont les plus soutenus. Deux raisons...

The reconfiguration of the regional system of international relations as a result of the Arab revolutions has engendered fresh challenges for Russia, related, amongst other things, to deteriorating relations with the USA and other Western powers....

The Arab Gulf is the third largest receiving region for global migrants (after North America and the European Union). The six states of the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) are the richest Arab economies, boast some of the highest GDP per capita...

La position russe, mal comprise en Occident, devant le « printemps arabe » et les crises qui secouent le Moyen-Orient, doit être replacée dans le cadre des lignes de force qui sous-tendent la politique...

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 32 years of dictatorship and almost ten years of war have bled the country dry and left its administration incapable of providing the population with basic services and the government incapable of...

Les embouteillages se sont développés rapidement dans les villes africaines et deviennent un problème majeur. Ainsi, en limitant la mobilité des biens et des personnes, ils ralentissent la croissance économique....

Executive Summary The European coal industry is at a crossroads. The European Commission (EC) Energy Policy by 2020, the 20/20/20 targets, is not favourable to coal: a 20% decrease in CO2 emissions does not favour coal compared with natural...

Hardly a week goes by without an African investors’ conference or growth summit. Portuguese people are looking for jobs in Angola. Silicon Valley companies are arriving in Kenya to learn about Africa’s ICT revolution. The reason behind...

Nuclear fission was discovered in the late 1930s. The first application went towards military use, and gradually expanded to civil use such as power generation. Power generation gained importance in two stages: firstly, to shift away from oil in...

Over the last ten years, Kuwait's power consumption has doubled. This rising need for electricity has been mainly driven by the fast population growth rate, the increasing need for desalinated water, accounting for 93% of water consumption, and...

Since the 2000s, China and India's needs for hydrocarbons, coming on top of those of older industrialized Asian countries (Japan and South Korea), have considerably strengthened customer-supplier links between Asia in general and the Persian Gulf,...

L’insécurité transfrontalière actuelle dans le bassin du lac Tchad s’inscrit dans l’histoire des dynamiques sociopolitiques et économiques de cette région commune au Cameroun, à la...

Italy is currently hit by an unprecedented economic, political and social crisis. This changing and uncertain environment affects more than ever the ability to define an energy strategy, which has never really benefitted from a clear vision and a...

La Chine a connu pendant les trente dernières années une crois¬sance sans précédent qui lui a permis de se hisser en 2010 comme deuxième puissance économique mondiale, devant le Japon et derrière...

By the end of 2004, low migration flow regulation contributed to a high rate of irregularity and hampered adaptation of foreign labor supplies to the demands of the Spanish labor market, contributing therewith to an increase in irregular workers....

En république démocratique du Congo (RDC), 32 années de dictature et près de dix ans de guerre ont laissé un pays exsangue, avec une administration incapable de fournir les services élémentaires...

A la suite de l'accident de Fukushima, l'Allemagne a pris trois décisions majeures pour son industrie électrique : l'arrêt immédiat de huit réacteurs nucléaires, la fermeture accélérée...

Three hundred million people belonging to the middle classes of Africa; three hundred million of potential consumers: an image of this kind is enough to make many an entrepreneur start dreaming. In fact, whereas for many years Afro-pessimism has...

In the past 2 years, Greece has experienced its most severe economic crisis of the post World War II period. While it appeared at first not to have been hit particularly hard by the global economic recession that started in 2008, the effects of the...

  On May 16 2010, a few weeks after its first elections, the government of the semi-autonomous province of South Sudan (GoSS) had to confront two rebellions in the Jonglei Province. South Sudan may appear unified behind the banner of the...

The question of the Chinese presence in Madagascar is very accurate. It is an opportunity for us to portray the sino-madagascan relations. We will recall the historicity of the relations existing between China and Madagascar. Then, we will focus on...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Europe’s energy policy is commonly defined by three axes of equal importance: security of supplies, competitiveness and sustainable development. The European Commission is mandated to develop the policy tools that allow the...

Executive Summary « While we think oil will help, we don’t want to pin all our hopes on it. We believe this is the time for Ghana to take off. But we can only do that through fiscal prudence, by encouraging productive investment and by...

The European Union is facing a tremendous challenge: coming out of the crisis unified. Every summit is both labeled the one of all hopes and the one of the last chance. Information keeps coming in, which hampers a good comprehension of the...

  La présente étude a exploité les bases de données contenant les informations les plus précises, les plus constantes dans le temps et les plus homogènes entre États, celles de la Commission...

Executive Summary The Caspian region has been at the center of attention since Europe began seeking alternative routes to natural-gas resources. Turkmenistan has the potential to become an important gas exporter to Europe. As a landlocked country,...

The promise of democracy enshrined in the "Arab Spring" has been accompanied by significant developments in migration flows across North Africa and to Europe. With political turmoil sweeping across North Africa and the Middle East, hundreds of...

Les relations qu’entretient le Brésil avec les pays du Maghreb peuvent paraître paradoxales. D’un côté, l’Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie ne semblent pas représenter des priorités de...

U.S.-Moroccan ties have sometimes been described as a "special relationship." This paper explores the bilateral relationship to investigate how special it really is. How did the two countries first establish what became a longlasting association and...

À l'exception notable des cas de Bahreïn et du Yémen, les zones du golfe Persique et de la péninsule Arabique ont été relativement épargnées par la vague de protestation qui a balayé le...

How will the US respond to the changing Palestinian and Arab paradigm? Will it try to reduce the deepening gap between American policy as it has historically been defined and new Palestinian and Arab aspirations? Will the US be willing to work with...

  A paper brought out last year treating the “Hunger Riots had made it possible, among other things, to point out the extreme difficulties encountered by the authorities in power when trying to control urban populations. Current...

This paper explores the recent evolution of security cooperation between the United States and Algeria, which have forged a strong partnership on counterterrorism despite lingering mutual distrust. The United States has strengthened its defense...

    Le 16 mai 2010, quelques semaines à peine après ses premières élections, le gouvernement de la province semi-autonome du Sud-Soudan (GoSS) dut faire face à deux rébellions dans la province du...

  A new technology trend, the development of natural gas vehicles, is emerging in the transport sector. While not new this technology is now being simultaneously revived by the discovery of significant amounts of unconventional gas, by the...

Pièce maîtresse dans la région euroméditerranéenne, le Maghreb est sollicité par l'Union européenne, et plus récemment par les Etats-Unis, dans le cadre d'une compétition entre ces deux...

This paper looks into natural gas pricing in the post-financial crisis market and, in particular, examines the question whether the oil-linked gas pricing system has outlived its utility as global gas markets mature and converge more rapidly than...

L’acuité de la question chinoise à Madagascar nous offre l’occasion de dresser un état des lieux, inexistant à ce jour, des relations sinomalgaches.Après un rappel de la profondeur historique des...

This study aims at showing and making sense of the One Health approach, according to which it is impossible to defeat infectious disease without working at the interface between human health, animal health and the environment. The study also...

Executive Summary Europe is seeking ways to decrease the growing negative impact of passenger cars on climate, currently responsible for up to 12% of total EU CO2 emissions. After biofuels in the nineties and hydrogen in 2000, the new answer to...

This paper analyzes the future of migrations related to climate changes and environment degradations. He shows how the dominant public reasoning remains inappropriate for addressing these issues, because of the Western/Northern countries'...

La marche vers un Etat palestinien est longue et ardue, même si, sur le plan juridique, la création de deux Etats, l'un juif, l'autre arabe, a été prévue dès le plan de partage adopté par le Conseil...

This Note de l'Ifri is the third contribution to The European migration policies from a Southern perspective project, supported by the OCP group.

The specter of sovereign defaults is back. The roots of a sovereign debt crisis are deep and concern all the industrialized countries. In 2010, those fears coagulated on Greece because Greece was the worst offender. Disgusted by the political...

The crisis, it is now widely accepted, means that markets failed. Meeting for the first time in Washington in November 2008, the G20 embarked in a ride of re-regulation. Months of negotiations later, it dramatically appears different to agree on...

  A partir d'une enquête de terrain réalisée au printemps 2010, cette étude part d'un constat empirique : des Marocains vivant dans un pays du Nord (France, Suède, États-Unis, Canada) et qui, pour...

This report aims to provide a first mapping of the global governance of biodiversity, through an investigation of the interactions between the various actors, institutions, norms, tools and processes that structure it. It chooses to do so by...

Il y a cinq ans, le Traité fondateur de la Communauté de l'énergie était signé à Athènes. Cette Communauté a été mise en place spécifiquement pour l’Europe du...

Introduction L’arrivée du shale gas aux États-Unis a surpris par son caractère inattendu et la rapidité de son essor. La surprise vient aussi de ce que cette nouveauté concerne une énergie fossile...

Issue d’un ensemble plus vaste qu’était la Yougoslavie, la Serbie, comme ses voisins, a fait face à un défi de taille. Ce défi consistait notamment à mettre en place un système économique...

Depuis une quinzaine d'années, l'Union européenne met en place des outils législatifs, institutionnels, financiers et politiques pour lutter contre la discrimination raciale de façon cohérente et...

While European institutions continue to discuss the use of space for security as well as the need for a stable space environment, the United States organized a series of space reviews this past year.  To explore these issues and foster an...

Executive Summary In December 2008, as part of the fight against climate change, the European Union adopted the Energy and Climate package that endorsed three objectives toward 2020: a 20% increase in energy efficiency, a 20% reduction in GHG...

An ominous resource crunch in the so-called “rare earth elements” is now threatening the development of a number of key industries from energy to defense to consumer electronics. As key components in the latest generation of...

European countries, lead by France, are expected to take a decision soon on the development and acquisition of MALE drones. Their choices will be crucial not anly for the preservation of European operational sovereignty in military terms but also...

Introduction : Alors que l’on s’interroge de façon de plus en plus vive sur l’impact et l’efficacité des politiques d’aide au développement, il devient nécessaire, pour éclairer ce...

Our interest in this topic stems both from our annual visits to Mauritania which started fifteen years ago, and the tiny amount of research noticed on trafficking in this country. Indeed, trafficking is an important phenomenon in the Islamic...

This contribution consists in analyzing the unifying or opposing relations between the central State-power and the southern part of central-Saharan populations, mainly Arabs and Tuaregs, within the relational framework of colonial and Malian armed...

Since Mohammed VI came into power, Morocco’s African policy has undergone notable change in comparison to his predecessor’s period. Strictly speaking, this evolution does not break with the past but is rather synonymous with continuity,...

On November 5th 2009, a cocaine-loaded Boeing 727 aircraft arriving from Venezuela was discovered torched and emptied on a makeshift airstrip in the Malian desert (Gao region). The sahel-saharan area is clearly a contact zone between very distant...

       The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a regional organization which was created in 1981, reassembling six Arab countries together: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)....

While largely interrupted by the colonial period premise, trade relations between the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa have enjoyed a new boom  with the independence era. However, until the end of the 1990s, the African policy of the three...

One of the major events of the last couple of decades has been the rise of China and India, reflected by their increasingly important economic presence in the world, both in terms of trade flows and of foreign direct investments. Africa, which has...

Before the 9/11 events, US-Maghreb relations were growing stronger, especially after the United States had long left the floor to the Maghreb’s “natural” European partner. Therefore the American action in this region was in line...

The industrial revolution underwent by Europe in the 18th century has triggered the need for the major colonial powers to find new markets for their manufactured products. It is in this colonial competitive framework that European explorers...

A salient feature of the East Asian region is the persistent discrepancy between the progress in de facto and de jure economic integration. East Asia has long been said to be the champion of loose regional economic integration, with deepening...

Telecom industry has taken a significant place within of the economy of most African countries. In this aspect, it is an undeniable source of economic growth and development. It impacts on the financial sphere at three levels. Firstly, telecom...

An increasing number of projects in the health sector in Africa draw on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). ICTs can help us answer, if only partially, the three main challenges posed to health in Africa: promote health insurance,...

Die europäischen Länder, Frankreich allen voran, müssen umgehend eine Entscheidung bezüglich der Entwicklung und Anschaffung von Drohnen des Typs MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) treffen. Ihre Beschlüsse werden...

Les pays européens, France en tête, doivent prendre sans tarder une décision en matière de développement et d’acquisition de drones MALE. Leurs choix seront cruciaux non seulement pour préserver la...

Japan often pictures itself as an environmental leader. While many examples of Japan’s actions against climate change are in line with global climate change norms, others can be in opposition to them. This study, based on first hand...

The barbed wire at the Prut River, on the Republic of Moldova’s (Moldova) border with Romania and, thus, with Europe will be removed by March 2010. This way, the last soviet “wall” will be torn. Maybe this symbolic action will open...

La marche vers un Etat palestinien est longue et ardue, même si, sur le plan juridique, la création de deux Etats, l'un juif, l'autre arabe, a été prévue dès le plan de partage adopté par le Conseil de...

Summary: 8 % of worldwide gas reserves are located on the African continent. Its relative economic weakness and the almost total absence of gas networks leads to a very reduced interior consumption (almost nonexistent outside Algeria and Egypt)...

Following the conflict in Ituri (1999-2003), the International Community deployed different peacebuilding programs in this north-eastern district of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Built around a concept of democratic transition at the...

"Hunger riots", a stock phrase used to describe protests at the end of 2007 / beginning 2008 in around thirty countries world-wide, mostly African States, places different phenomena into one group. In this paper, we will focus on the case of...

L'Autorité palestinienne (AP) a été mise en place dans le cadre de l'approche américaine de la question du Proche-Orient qui s'était imposée à la communauté internationale à l'issue de...

Telecom industry has taken a significant place within of the economy of most African countries. In this aspect, it is an undeniable source of economic growth and development. It impacts on the financial sphere at three levels. Firstly, telecom...

International collaboration, in any form, requires trust, and such trust is built on understanding. In the case of collaboration in the field of energy, potential partners need to have an appreciation of frameworks for energy governance in each...

Depuis que le traité de Lisbonne est entré en vigueur, le blocage institutionnel provoqué par le rejet dudit traité, à 53,4 % des voix, par l’électorat irlandais, fait désormais figure de...

Congress and the Administration have launched a series of space policy reviews in 2009, regarding in particular Nasa's exploration policy, the loosening of ITAR regulations and space security. On each of these issues, the U.S. governement may adopt...

L'Autorité palestinienne (AP) a été mise en place dans le cadre de l'approche américaine de la question du Proche-Orient qui s'était imposée à la communauté internationale à l'issue de...

On December 12 President Berdymukhamedov of Turkmenistan and President Hu Jintao of China inaugurated the first flows of gas through the Chinese pipeline from Turmenistan to China.  This is an 1800 km pipeline to transport up to 40 bcm/y of gas...

The reinforcement of European Union’s climate policy in the decade to come was prepared and decided in 2007-2008 via the EU Climate and Energy Package. But in the meantime, the economic conditions have radically changed. This new study...

Should we consider Ukraine a transit country in deadlock, and reduce its energy role just to that of a transit country? Definitely not, because Ukraine is at once a large gas consumer and producer, and possesses massive storage capacity. But the...

Summary : One of the most important cross-section thematic across Sub-Saharan Africa is rural land issues. It is going to play a crucial role for the future of African societies. The agricultural sector is still representing a major position either...

Revue trimestrielle Saint Guillaume N°157, Association de Sciences Po.

Space security has become an increasingly important issue over recent years, with the international community witnessing a substantial increase in orbital debris from both deliberate and accidental satellite destructions.To address this important...

On April 22th 2009, South Africa hold its fourth national poll since the accession to the democracy in 1994. 23 milions electors voted and again agreed, among 26 political partis, to put their trust in the African National Congress (ANC). As in 1999...

Summary: The question of identity-based mobilizations in contemporary Africa is often confused, here, by a wrong apprehension of what is the concept of ethnic group. Now, identity-based mobilizations are more variable and complex than just ethnic...

La crise économique et financière internationale a fait émerger un certain nombre de critiques sur le fonctionnement du système économique libéral, en particulier le phénomène de...

One of the first structures of the international environmental governance architecture ever to be created, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) is still today the only international tool with the protection of the global environment as its...

Cette étude examine les différents facteurs qui ont pu être avancés en explication de la hausse des cours des matières premières entre 2006 et 2008, et les confrontent aux connaissances disponibles à...

This project aims at examining and comparing the ' national models of integration ' in France and the Netherlands in a context when the question of their crisis is raised. The social and political practice of the discourse about the model...

Despite the challenges that China is currently facing in the light of the global financial crisis, the major message from the People's Hall in Beijing was a positive one: confidence. The conclusion of the annual sessions of the National People's...

L’Algérie ne s’est pas forgée, dans les années 2000, une « diplomatie » du gaz naturel même lointainement comparable à celle de la Russie. Trois obstacles à cela : d’abord des...

Summary : In the last fifteen years, the Kivus have been prey to a series of violent episodes that have led to humanitarian crises of great magnitude. Mechanisms of economic predation, land issues, interference from neighboring countries, or ethnic...

A l'occasion de ce " Mardi de l'Ifri à Bruxelles ", Dominique David, directeur exécutif de l'Ifri et spécialiste des questions de défense, est venu exposer son point de vue sur l'agenda transatlantique pour 2009, année significative pour l'Alliance,...

Last February, Iran launched an Iranian satellite with an Iranian rocket, thus becoming the only Muslim country with independent access to space. The impact of this develoment on regional politics as well as possible resulting missile capacity...

Les bases du débat sur les rapports France/Alliance jetées dans les années 1990 et au début de ce siècle, ont plus été confirmées qu'affectées par les développements récents. Plus que jamais, l'Alliance atlantique paraît aujourd'hui à la fois...

Immigration was a key priority of the French EU Presidency in 2008. In its attempt to provide EU Member States and institutions with a framework for the future of European migration policies, the French government found strong support from other EU...

In the context of economic crisis, high volatility of energy prices, climate change and resource nationalism, ensuring the necessary level of investment in energy is an important challenge. How to make sure that the right investments are made at the...

Pour la première fois depuis 40 ans, la première visite à l'étranger du Secrétaire d'Etat de la nouvelle administration américaine est pour l'Asie. Au-delà d'enjeux globaux stratégiques,...

Summary: This discussion paper proposes an analysis of incompleteness peace processes in Eastern Congo which have resulted in a stalemate – a stalemate which has encouraged the conflict's actors to prioritize using force in order to impose "...

In the context of economic crisis, high volatility of energy prices, climate change and resource nationalism, ensuring the necessary level of investment in energy is an important challenge. How to make sure that the right investments are made...

The paper is an attempt at establishing a typology of developing countries aimed at pointing up the diversity of their growth strategies in terms of foundation as well as sustainability. To this end the analysis places the emphasis on the bases of...

Based on interviews with practitioners in Washington, Jakarta, Geneva, Paris, Brussels and Rome, and on the analysis of existing empirical research, the present study provides the reader with a practical and manageable toolkit for understanding the...

Last December, the European Union adopted a draft Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. This signals an important change of strategy in the field of space security.

A l'occasion de ce Mardi de l'Ifri à Bruxelles, Christophe Bertossi a présenté les conclusions du rapport " How Can Europeans Agree on a Common Migration Policy? " (bientôt accessible sur le site Internet de l'Ifri), qui résume les conclusions du...

A widely held consensus view claims that East Asia has been shifting recently from a market-led to an institution-based form of regional economic integration, primarily as a result of the 1997–1998 financial crisis. Next to post-crisis...

In the wake of the financial crisis of 1997-98 there has been a clear shift in a number of Southeast Asian countries towards the development of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). ASEAN as a group has concluded FTAs with China and Korea, and it is still...

The Korea-France Cultural Association (President Cha Young-Koo), consisting of Koreans who had studied in France, and the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI) jointly organized the first Korea-France Forum. Since the second forum in...

In December, the EU Council on External Relations adopted a project for a 'Code of good conduct 'in space. This marks a decisive role of Europe in the establishement of peaceful behaviors in space, where a potentially dangerous arms race had...

Pendant longtemps, le Moyen-Orient a été vu essentiellement à travers les menaces qui pesaient sur l'approvisionnement des pays occidentaux en pétrole et la confrontation entre Israël et les pays arabes. Le champ...

Background paper for the seminar: "Co-Development: What objectives? What Principles?" , second meeting (25 November 2008) of the Anglo-French Dialogue on Regularisation and Co-Development.

The research question of this paper is related to the role of Norway in the European gas and oil market. This study aims to give a presentation of the energy policy in Norway and Norwegian participation at the European level.

La présente étude s’intéresse au niveau des prix et des taxes du carburant automobile dans les pays industrialisés, membres de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques...

How can we, and should we manage cases of transboundary pollution? Through the study of the Baia Mare case - a case of cyanide and heavy metal pollution of one of the Danube's affluent river between Romania and Hungary - this study elucidates the...

Voici le plaidoyer d'un écrivain passionnément modéré, soucieux des nuances et animé lui-même par une culture d'espoir. Premier livre à explorer la dimension émotionnelle de la mondialisation, il dresse brillamment une ' carte des émotions ' du...

Summary: Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA)are presented by the European Union as a remedy, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, to issues such as the Weakness in size of Markets or the Trade weaknesses between the different African economies....

Background paper for the seminar: " What is the cost of the non-regularisation of undocumented migrants? " , first meeting (29 October 2008) of the Anglo-French Dialogue on Regularisation and Co-Development.

Certains se plaisaient à croire que l'Asie pourrait échapper à la contagion de la crise financière américaine et assurer le relais des Etats-Unis comme principal moteur de la croissance mondiale. Les tenants de la...

This article adopts an historitical lens to present the global oil governance. It shows how power and relationship between the main oil players have fluctuated over time and how this evolution has profoundly impacted on the structuring of the oil...

The debate on sustainable development has fostered the experimentation of new governance models that more deeply involve the private sector. One formula has been particularly in vogue since the 1990's: the multistakeholder partnership, a voluntary...

Alors que la Chine détrônait les États-Unis comme première puissance olympique, l’Inde – l'autre géant asiatique – s’illustrait une fois encore par la modestie de ses résultats. Sa...

Cette note poursuit deux thématiques convergentes. Dans une perspective d'actualité immédiate, elle étudie les possibilités pour le couple franco-allemand de façonner l'agenda "énergie et climat" de...

Lorsqu'au cours de sa campagne électorale, le candidat Sarkozy formulait son projet de bâtir un espace politique visant à donner ' un second souffle au processus de Barcelone ', nombre d'observateurs y décelaient une volonté française...

Le Premier Ministre Fukuda a soudainement annoncé sa démission le 1er septembre 2008 Paradoxalement, cette annonce, qui a pris nombre de Japonais par surprise, était toutefois attendue depuis plusieurs mois.Fukuda – et le...

This vast review of the whole international topicality clarifies and explains the strong points, the turnings and the constants of the period 2007-2008.

Le Japon a souhaité faire de la question du changement climatique la priorité du G8 qu’il accueille cette année près du lac Toyako sur l’île de Hokkaido. Tokyo souhaite démontrer à cette...

Le réchauffement diplomatique entre Pékin et Tokyo, largement mis en scène, s'est concrétisé par une évolution remarquable de la position chinoise concernant la normalisation militaire de la puissance...

Buy the article on CAIRN websiteAbstractThe rise of the Chinese economy is without a doubt one of the most important events in the last two decades. However, China is not yet the giant that some people claim it to be. On account of some of its...

Cinq heures : c'est la durée du premier voyage en cinq ans d'un Chef d'Etat iranien en Inde. Cette escale, qui eut lieu le 29 avril dernier, a néanmoins suffi à provoquer un incident diplomatique avec les Etats-Unis,...

Pour le secteur de l’énergie en Europe, les perspectives d’un changement structurel majeur se concrétisent. Le 10 janvier 2007, la Commission européenne avait proposé un premier paquet global de mesures...

Le 10 janvier 2007, la Commission européenne a proposé un premier paquet global de mesures prioritaires à mettre en place pour établir une « politique de l’énergie pour l’Europe1 »...

Le tremblement de terre qui a frappé la Chine le 12 mai a eu un impact important sur la société et le monde politique. On avait pu juger la crise tibétaine gérée avec quelque maladresse, une stratégie...

Global health and environmental issues, such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic, or global climate change, are increasingly perceived as security issues by policymakers, members of the civil society or the private sector, and populations at large. This...

This paper is based on the presentation given by Rod Lyon, Director of the Strategic and International Affairs Program, Ausutralian Strategic Policy Institute, in Ifri, on April, 10th 2008. Céline Pajon is junior research fellow in the...

Summary: The rise of evangelic churches in Sub-Saharan Africa is often perceived as the result of support from rich American churches and the reaction to the growth of Islam. Cédric Mayrargue, studying in particular the Pentcostal ...

Our study, focused on gas prices in importing economies, describes wholesale prices and retail prices, their evolution for the last one or two decades, the economic mechanisms of price formation.

Le présent article décrit les différentes filières en démarrant avec la Génération II, développe particulièrement le démarrage de la Génération III –...

As part of the 2008 Annual Conference of the Ifri Energy program, this background paper written by Coby van der Linde, director of the Clingendael International Energy,  provided the participants with insight and analysis. Two other...

The promotion of FDI has been an important component of China's economic reform process and China has become one of the most important destinations of FDI. Although heavy-handed interventionism is nothing new in China, the direction of...

Debate on European identity : French-German analysis of Turkish membership issue Since a few years not only a handful of experts or politicians have serious discussions about the Turkish membership issue, in fact it has become a topical subject of...

Au cours des derniers mois, la Commission Européenne a présenté plusieurs propositions législatives relatives à l’énergie : - le troisième paquet énergie du 19 septembre 2007,- le plan...

Le développement du secteur gazier n'a, jusqu'à présent, pas permis à l'Iran de devenir l'un des acteurs gaziers principaux, que ce soit sur le marché régional ou international. Ce sous-développement...

Valérie Niquet, Director of Centre Asie Ifri, Working group 'Strategic Culture and Defense Policy in Asia', working paper presented to the 3rd Congress of Réseau Asie, 26-27-28 September 2007, Maison de la Chimie, Paris.

The starting point of the paper is that an agreement will, sooner or later, be negotiated between ASEAN and the EU. As a result, the objective of the paper is not to examine the rationale for such an agreement but to outline its possible scope....

A l'occasion du 50e anniversaire de la signature des traités de Rome, des auteurs français et allemands font le point sur la construction européenne. Si ce sont Paris et Bonn/Berlin qui, en commun, ont donné les...

This paper was presented at the Conference “Improving Our Vision II: Building Transparency and Cooperation,” organized in London by the Center for Defense Information (CDI) and the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies of...

In the wake of the Chinese asat tests of the Summer of 06 and of January 07, should the U.S. and Europe develop a new attitude regarding weapons in space? This new Ifri policy paper on space weaponization was written with the support of the...

This Working Paper was written as a presentation for an Expert Meeting on "Space Situational Awareness for Europe", organized by the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) in Vienna, on september 6th, 2007.

Pour diminuer les disparités de niveau de vie, pour promouvoir des relations de bon voisinage et attirer des investissements, les acteurs publics et économiques s'appuient de plus en plus souvent sur le développement de...

Energy challenges represent one of the most important security paradigms in the Asia Pacific region where you have a mixture of growing energy dependency, fuelled by high economic growth, the emergence of new major players like China and India, and...

The U.S. Supreme Court has recently released two important decisions addressing environmental protection issues: wetlands protection (June 2006) and climate change (April 2007). The Court rulings illustrate the key part played by the American legal...

L’Iran a toujours été un acteur majeur dans l’économie des hydrocarbures. Historiquement, au début du XXe siècle, il est le pays qui, le premier au Moyen-Orient, a connu un développement rapide...

L'Iran a toujours été un acteur majeur dans l'économie des hydrocarbures. Historiquement, au début du XXe siècle, il est le pays qui, le premier au Moyen-Orient, a connu un développement rapide de sa...

This vast review of the whole international topicality clarifies and explains the strong points, the turnings and the constants of the period 2006-2007.

Ce hors-série souhaite mettre en valeur l'expertise de l'Ifri sur La Russie post-soviétique à travers une approche multidisciplinaire. Il rassemble des auteurs connus pour leurs recherches sur l'ex-bloc soviétique autour des principales thématiques:...

The revival of EU-ASEAN economic relations has recently been stirred by the EU-ASEAN Vision Group that was set up in 2005, with the aim of looking into the possibility of a free trade area (FTA) between the two regions. This article analyses the...

The movement of proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs), since the creation of the WTO, stands out from previous movements due to its dynamism, the intertwining of agreements (bilateral, regional and multilateral), the ambition displayed...

This is the introduction to a special issue of Politique étrangère on Space as "a new field of strategic thinking". Authors from America, Russia, Brussels and France explore recent evolutions in military choices and in the governance...

Buy the article on CAIRN websiteAbstractObviously, the ambitious Greater Middle East project has failed. In Iraq, confrontation between communities provides a safe haven for terrorists. The Palestinian issue is not solved. In Lebanon, Hezbollah was...

Starting in the 1960's, France has sought to become a prominent space-faring country, leading other European nations in the quest for space. Europe nowadays boasts numerous private-sector, scientific and military co-operation programs....

Buy the article on CAIRN website AbstractIn 2003, Russia joined the Bologna process, which aims to create common European higher education space. This process, although not in the strict European Union framework, is an interface with Russia in...

For a long time, French and British integration policies have formed two mutually exclusive paradigms. Based on ideological elements introduced by the French Revolution, French citizenship refuses any ethno-racial based distinction in the public...

Until recently, the only formal body of regional integration in East Asia was the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) which had been established in 1967, primarily for political reasons and with modest economic ambitions. As a result,...

L'Europe connaît enfin un débat sur sa politique d'énergie et la sécurité de ses approvisionnements énergétiques. Après un trop long silence, média, politiques, industriels et experts se...

On the eve of the presidential elections, a reflexion group has gathered researchers and diplomates who have been involved for many years in the relationship between France and North African/Middle Eastern countries. The conclusion of their workshop...

Interrogations autour de l'accord de sécurité nippo-australienLe 13 mars 2006, le Japon et l'Australie ont signé une déclaration conjointe sur la coopération en matière de sécurité. Cet accord,...

Russia has been a major space power since the very beginning of the space era. After a difficult decade, it is now reshaping its space effort. A new Federal Space Program has been launched and a vast effort of industrial reorganization is...

At a time when negotiations between partners in the Galileo Concession are so difficult, it seems urgent to optimize the Galileo business case by identifying new applications for the system's five signals. This Note tries to assess ways to enhance...

Cette réflexion sur la diversité culturelle et religieuse dans l'armée est avant tout une contribution à l'analyse de la citoyenneté sur un thème mal connu et peu étudié en France : les...

The web's emerging organizing principles increasingly govern the management of violence. The new media consequently offer both a set of new metaphors to understand the character of today's wars and a socio-technological platform that remodels the...